1. Plan for major expenses.

Why it’s helpful: You’re less likely to miss business opportunities or have to scramble for a loan when the expenses become unavoidable.

What to do: Put events like a major computer upgrade on the calendar a year in advance or, ideally, three to five years ahead. Acknowledge the seasonal ups and downs, something many entrepreneurs are reluctant to do.

“This helps you to be honest about the fact that it’s coming and plan for it,” says James LeMay, a director with the accounting firm Daigle & Associates in Boston.

You’ll avoid taking money out of the company during the flush periods only to find yourself short in the slower months, when costly projects like upgrading computers or replacing factory components usually happen.

2. Track expenses.

Why it’s helpful: You otherwise might some miss tax write-offs and may lose out on others.

What to do: A credit card that you use solely for business can be a basic accounting system, says Raffaele Mari,  who teaches a financial course for entrepreneurs at Pepperdine University.

Most card statements categorize expenses, so you can see which outlays relate to which business activities. If you always use your business credit card for business expenses, you’re less likely to pay cash at, say, Staples and lose the receipts, forfeiting tax-time write-offs. Pens and printer paper can add up.

Additionally, Mari says, routinely jot down business trips, lunches, coffee dates and other events with cash outlays in your electronic or paper day planner. This habit can go a long way toward substantiating those items for your tax records in the event of an audit.

“Often on tax returns, those numbers are too round. No one drives exactly 5,000 miles for business in a year, so the IRS knows this is an estimate,” Mari says. “In an audit, if you can’t substantiate those numbers, the whole category [of write-offs] can get thrown out.”

One of his clients provides a link to a Google map for each trip instead of trying to remember to note the mileage for every trip he takes on his odometer. That data, along with a day planner recording the trip, are usually enough record keeping to satisfy the IRS, Mari says.

3. Record deposits correctly.

Why it’s helpful: You may be less likely to pay taxes on money that isn’t income.

What to do: Adopt a system for keeping your financial activities straight, whether it’s a notebook you use consistently, an Excel spreadsheet or software such as Quickbooks. Business owners typically make a variety of deposits into their bank account through the year, including loans, revenue from sales and cash infusions from their personal savings. The trouble, Mari says, is that at the end of the year, you or your bookkeeper might erroneously record some deposits as income, and consequently pay taxes on more money than you’ve actually made.

4. Set aside money for paying taxes.

Why it’s helpful: The IRS can levy penalties and interest for not filing quarterly tax returns on time.

What to do: Systematically put a portion of money aside throughout the year for taxes. Then note tax deadlines on your calendar, along with prep time if you need it, to make sure you actually make payments when they’re due.

Payroll taxes that go unpaid can be especially problematic, Mari says. He often sees cash-crunched entrepreneurs get through a down cycle by dipping into employee withholdings that they should have sent to the IRS.

“If you mess with [payroll taxes], you have a two-fold problem,” Mari says. “You haven’t paid taxes due and you’ve taken money that the IRS sees as belonging to your employees. They can be very unforgiving about that.”

5. Keep a close eye on your invoices.

Why it’s helpful: Late and unpaid bills hurt your cash flow.

What to do: Assign someone in your organizations to track your billing. Then put a process in place for issuing a second invoice, making a phone call and perhaps levying penalties such as extra fees at certain deadlines.

“You want to have a plan for what happens if they’re 30, 60 or 90 days late,” Mari says.

Some entrepreneurs believe that once they’ve sent out an invoice, they’ve taken care of billing. Not so, Mari says. “Every late payment is an interest-free loan and hurts your cash flow.”